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A nuclear power phase-out is the discontinuation of usage of nuclear power for energy production. Often initiated because of concerns about nuclear power, phase-outs usually include shutting down nuclear power plants and looking towards fossil fuels and renewable energy. Three nuclear accidents have influenced the discontinuation of nuclear power: the 1979 Three Mile Island partial nuclear meltdown in the United States, the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in the USSR, and the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan. Sweden (1980) was the first country to begin a phase-out (influenced by the Three Mile Island accident), followed by Italy (1987), Belgium (1999), and Germany (2000). Austria and Spain have enacted laws to cease construction on new nuclear power stations. Several other European countries have debated phase-outs. Following the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, Germany has permanently shut down eight of its 17 reactors and pledged to close the rest by the end of 2022.〔 Italy voted overwhelmingly to keep their country non-nuclear.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title= Italy Nuclear Referendum Results )〕 Switzerland and Spain have banned the construction of new reactors. Japan’s prime minister has called for a dramatic reduction in Japan’s reliance on nuclear power. Taiwan’s president did the same. Shinzō Abe, the new prime minister of Japan since December 2012, announced a plan to re-start some of the 54 Japanese nuclear power plants (NPPs) and to continue some NPP sites under construction.〔He is fighting a continuing economic crisis with Abenomics〕 As of 2013, countries such as Australia, Austria, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Israel, Malaysia, New Zealand, and Norway remain opposed to nuclear power. Germany and Switzerland are phasing-out nuclear power.〔〔 Globally, more nuclear power reactors have closed than opened in recent years.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Difference Engine: The nuke that might have been )〕 == Overview == A popular movement against nuclear power has gained strength in the Western world, based on concerns about more nuclear accidents and concerns about nuclear waste. Anti-nuclear critics see nuclear power as a dangerous, expensive way to boil water to generate electricity.〔Helen Caldicott (2006). ''Nuclear Power is Not the Answer to Global Warming or Anything Else'', Melbourne University Press, ISBN 0-522-85251-3, p. xvii〕 The 1979 Three Mile Island accident and the 1986 Chernobyl disaster played a key role in stopping new plant construction in many countries. Major anti-nuclear power groups include Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, Nuclear Information and Resource Service, and Sortir du nucléaire (France). Several countries, especially European countries, have abandoned the construction of new of nuclear power plants.〔(Netherlands: Court case on closure date Borssele NPP ), article from anti-nuclear organization (WISE), dated June 29, 2001.〕 Austria (1978), Sweden (1980) and Italy (1987) voted in referendums to oppose or phase out nuclear power, while opposition in Ireland prevented a nuclear program there. Countries that have no nuclear plants and have restricted new plant constructions comprise Australia, Austria, Denmark, Greece, Italy, Ireland and Norway.〔(Nuclear Power in the World Energy Outlook ), by the Uranium Institute, 1999.〕〔(Anti-nuclear resolution of the Austrian Parliament ), as summarised by an anti-nuclear organisation (WISE).〕 Poland stopped the construction of a plant.〔〔(Nuclear news from Poland ), article from the Web site of the European Nuclear Society, April 2005.〕 Belgium, Germany, Spain, and Sweden decided not to build new plants or intend to phase out nuclear power, although still mostly relying on nuclear energy.〔〔(Germany Starts Nuclear Energy Phase-Out ), article from (Deutsche Welle ), November 14, 2003.〕 New reactors under construction in Finland and France, which were meant to lead a nuclear new build, have been substantially delayed and are running over-budget.〔James Kanter. (In Finland, Nuclear Renaissance Runs Into Trouble ) ''New York Times'', May 28, 2009.〕〔James Kanter. (Is the Nuclear Renaissance Fizzling? ) ''Green'', 29 May 2009.〕〔Rob Broomby. (Nuclear dawn delayed in Finland ) ''BBC News'', 8 July 2009.〕 However, China has 27 new reactors under construction,〔(Nuclear Power in China )〕 and there are also new reactors being built in South Korea, India, and Russia. At least 100 older and smaller reactors will "most probably be closed over the next 10-15 years".〔Michael Dittmar. (Taking stock of nuclear renaissance that never was ) ''Sydney Morning Herald'', August 18, 2010.〕 Countries that wish to shut down nuclear power plants must find alternatives for electricity generation; otherwise, they are forced to become dependent on imports. Therefore, the discussion of a future for nuclear energy is intertwined with a discussion of an energy transition to renewable energy. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nuclear power phase-out」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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